Marking Bull’s Heads

There are two different types of Bull’s Head watermarks in the Leicester and Arundel Codices. Representing Group A is Arundel 244-247, and representing Group B is Arundel 109-110. Each Bull’s Head is marked with eight points. The watermark should be oriented with the higher horn tip to the right or, if the horn tips are nearly level, with the concave ear to the left.

Point Locations:
  1. top tip of vertical spike emerging from center of head
  2. left horn tip
  3. right horn tip
  4. where vertical spike is attached to the top of the head
  5. intersection of top of right ear and head
  6. intersection of bottom of left ear and head
  7. intersection of bottom of right ear and head
  8. where the downward extension of head spike would intersect bottom edge of head

Marking the Group Representatives

Marked Bull’s head for Group A representative Arundel 244-247

Marked Bull’s head for Group B representative Arundel 109-110

Other Bull’s Head Watermarks

There are two other Bull’s Head watermarks in the Codices, Arundel 161-168 and Arundel 279-280. We now show that both are in Group A.

Marked Arundel 161-168

Distance from Arundel 161-168 to Groups A and B.

Overlay video verifying that Arundel 161-168 is a moldmate with Arundel 244-247, the representative from Group A.

Marked Arundel 279-280

Distance from Arundel 279-280 to Groups A and B.

Overlay video verifying that Arundel 279-280 is a moldmate with Arundel 244-247, the representative from Group A.